Despite continued efforts by researchers to improve the quality of animal research, the success rate for replicating animal studies in humans is low. Less than 12% of clinically tested drugs result in a drug approved in the United States (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, 2015, 2016) and the majority of preclinical trials (between 51% and 89%) are not reproducible (Freedman, Cockburn and Simcoe, 2015; Harthorne and Schachner, 2012).

Even if our genes have a high percentage of homology with those of mice (Suzuki et al., 2004), the evolutionary distance that separates us from them is 65 million years. As a result, there are many differences in the regulation and expression of genes (Davis, 2008; Bailey, 2019). However, mice are the largest number of animals used in science: 59% according to the 2017 National Survey of the Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research.