Last year, researchers in China announced they had inserted a human brain gene into monkeys. These 11 monkeys outperformed typical monkeys in tests of short-term memory, and their brain development more closely resembled that of humans. Are these animals still fully monkeys? Or are they something else? Something human?

Plenty of other experiments have blurred the line between what is human and what isn’t. Research teams have created pigs with human genes. Clumps of human brain cells have been grown in dishes, and the cells can communicate with each other.

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